The Difference Between Hybrid and Electric Cars
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When your engine suddenly shuts off, the road transforms from routine to risk in seconds. Understanding why this happens can save your car and your safety. So what triggers these unexpected failures?
What Are the Possible Causes of a Sudden Engine Shutdown?
- Fuel Delivery System Problems:
If the fuel filter, pump, injectors, or fuel lines become clogged, the amount of fuel reaching the engine becomes insufficient, leading to sudden engine shutdown.
- Running Out of Fuel:
One of the most common and straightforward reasons for a car to stop while driving.
- Faulty Spark Plugs or Ignition Coils:
When these components fail, the combustion process inside the engine cannot be completed, causing the vehicle to stop.
- Dirty Air Filter:
Accumulated dust and debris reduce the amount of oxygen needed for combustion, which may cause the engine to stall.
- Weak Battery:
A failing battery may not provide the necessary power to operate essential vehicle components, resulting in engine shutdown while driving.
- Engine Overheating:
When the engine temperature exceeds the normal range, it may shut down suddenly. This is a serious issue that can threaten the safety of the vehicle and its occupants.
Why Does the Engine Turn Off When the Air Conditioner Is On?
- Increased Power Demand:
When the AC is turned on, the system requires additional power to operate the compressor and fan. If the battery is weak, it may not handle the extra load, causing the engine to stall.
- Faulty Alternator (Dynamo):
If the alternator is not charging the battery efficiently, the vehicle may experience a power shortage, leading to engine shutdown.
- Cooling System Issues:
Problems such as low refrigerant pressure or compressor malfunction increase the load on the engine, which may cause it to stop.
- Engine Overheating Due to AC Load:
Turning on the AC increases engine load. If the cooling system is weak, the temperature may rise abnormally, causing the engine to shut off.
- Fuel Delivery Weakness:
A clogged fuel filter or weak fuel pump may fail to supply enough fuel. When the AC is activated, fuel consumption increases, potentially causing the engine to stall.
What Are the Main General Causes of Engine Shutdown?
- An empty fuel tank immediately stops the vehicle.
- Weak battery or damaged electrical connections interrupt power flow and shut down the engine.
- Faulty spark plugs or ignition system failure disrupt engine operation.
- Fuel filter or pump issues prevent proper fuel delivery.
- A clogged muffler or damaged catalytic converter creates back pressure, causing the engine to stall.
- Weak cooling or low coolant levels cause overheating, forcing the engine to shut down to protect itself.
The Role of Preventive Maintenance
- Regular maintenance is one of the most effective ways to prevent sudden engine shutdowns.
- Simple actions such as replacing filters on time, checking fluid levels, and inspecting electrical connections can significantly reduce the risk of unexpected failures.
- Preventive maintenance not only enhances safety but also extends the lifespan of the engine and improves overall vehicle performance.
Modern Cars and Electronic Sensors
- Modern vehicles rely heavily on electronic sensors to regulate engine performance.
- A malfunctioning sensor such as the crankshaft position sensor or mass airflow sensor can send incorrect data to the engine control unit, causing the engine to stall.
- Understanding the importance of these sensors helps drivers appreciate the complexity of modern automotive systems and the need for accurate diagnostics.
Environmental Factors and Driving Conditions
- External conditions can also contribute to sudden engine shutdowns. Extremely hot weather may strain the cooling system, while dusty environments can clog air filters more quickly.
- Even driving habits such as aggressive acceleration or neglecting warning lights can increase the likelihood of engine failure. Being aware of these factors allows drivers to adapt their behavior and reduce risks on the road.
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Launch event of the new 2026 Commander
As part of strengthening strategic partnerships among leading companies in the automotive sector, Saleh Cars Group, in collaboration with Petromin, hosted a distinguished official event to unveil the all-new Commander 2026 model.
The ceremony was attended by:
- Terence Patrick Perrin – Chief Executive Officer
- Rami Hankir – Senior Executive Director
- Elias Abu Hasira – Executive Director of Wholesale Sales
- Rohit Verma – Executive Director of Marketing
Alongside a number of automotive industry enthusiasts.
The event took place at Saleh Cars Group’s headquarters in Riyadh – Al Thumama Branch, at 3:30 PM on Tuesday, October 14, 2025.
The launch showcased the vehicle’s latest features and advanced technologies, reflecting both companies’ vision to deliver cutting-edge models to the Saudi market.
The Engine Cylinders, The Beating Heart of Your Car
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The engine is the car’s core, and cylinders convert fuel into motion. Knowing their role helps drivers and enthusiasts make smart choices in buying, maintaining, and understanding vehicle performance.
What Is a Cylinder?
A cylinder is a precisely engineered, cylindrical chamber typically made from cast iron or aluminum alloys to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Inside it, the piston moves in a reciprocating motion—up and down. Engines vary in the number of cylinders, usually ranging from 3 to 12, and this number directly affects the engine’s performance, smoothness, and efficiency.
Cylinder Function and the Combustion Cycle
The core energy-generating process occurs within each cylinder through a four-stroke combustion cycle:
- Intake Stroke: The intake valve opens, and the piston moves downward, creating a vacuum that draws in the air-fuel mixture.
- Compression Stroke: Both intake and exhaust valves close, and the piston moves upward, compressing the mixture to increase its energy density and flammability.
- Power Stroke: The spark plug ignites the compressed mixture, causing an explosion that forces the piston downward with great force—this motion is ultimately converted into rotational energy that drives the wheels.
- Exhaust Stroke: The exhaust valve opens, and the piston moves upward again, expelling combustion gases from the cylinder to prepare for the next cycle.
Types of Engines by Cylinder Count
3-Cylinder Engine
Lightweight and compact
Highly fuel-efficient with low manufacturing and maintenance costs
May suffer from limited performance and vibrations, though modern technology has significantly mitigated these issues
Ideal for small urban vehicles
4-Cylinder Engine
Most common configuration
Excellent balance between performance, efficiency, and operating cost
Provides sufficient power for daily use, though less powerful and smooth than larger engines
Standard choice for compact and mid-sized cars
5-Cylinder Engine
Relatively rare design
Combines traits of 4- and 6-cylinder engines
Offers good torque at low speeds and a distinctive sound
May experience dynamic imbalance and vibrations
Often found in select European models
6-Cylinder Engine
Delivers strong and smooth performance due to excellent dynamic balance
Minimal vibrations and a refined sound
Higher fuel consumption, cost, and weight
Best suited for luxury, mid-sized, and sports vehicles
8-Cylinder Engine
Falls under high-performance engine category
Provides immense power and torque with ultra-smooth operation
High fuel consumption and expensive to buy and maintain
Used in large trucks, sports cars, and luxury vehicles
How to Determine Your Car’s Cylinder Count
Here are reliable methods to identify the number of cylinders in your car:
1. Technical Specifications
- Check the owner's manual or technical guide provided with the vehicle
- Visit the manufacturer’s official website for full specifications
2. Online Search
- Use search engines by entering your car’s make and model along with “number of cylinders”
- Results from specialized websites will provide accurate details
3. Vehicle Inspection Certificate
- In some countries, official agencies issue certificates listing vehicle specifications, including cylinder count
- You can request this document from the traffic department or vehicle registration authority
4. Engine Label
- Open the hood and look for a label with technical information, which often includes the number of cylinders
5. Spark Plug Count
- Typically, each cylinder has one spark plug
- Counting the spark plugs can give an estimate, though not always accurate—some engines like V8s may have two plugs per cylinder
What’s the main difference between a 4-cylinder and a 6-cylinder engine?
A 4-cylinder engine is more fuel-efficient and suitable for daily driving, while a 6-cylinder engine offers greater power and smoothness, ideal for high-performance and highway driving—but it consumes more fuel.
Is a 3-cylinder engine considered weak?
Not anymore. Thanks to modern technologies like turbocharging, 3-cylinder engines can deliver performance comparable to traditional 4-cylinder engines while maintaining superior fuel efficiency—making them a great choice for small cars.
How do I choose between a 4-cylinder and a 6-cylinder engine?
It depends on your priorities. If fuel economy and operating costs are your main concern, go for a 4-cylinder.
If you value higher power, smoother performance, and better highway or towing capabilities—and don’t mind the extra fuel and maintenance costs—a 6-cylinder is your best bet.
Engine Valves Explained Function and Common Issues
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Valves are among the most critical components of the internal combustion engine. But what exactly are they? And how can you maintain them properly?
What Are Engine Valves in a Car?
- Valves are metal components with a conical shape, installed in the engine head. They move in a reciprocating (up and down) motion to open and close the pathways for fuel intake and exhaust release.
- Their proper function is essential for sealing and unsealing these passages during engine operation.
How Do Engine Valves Work?
- Intake Phase: The intake valves open to allow the air-fuel mixture to enter the combustion chamber.
- Compression Phase: All valves close to compress the mixture before ignition.
- Power Phase: The spark plug ignites the mixture, pushing the piston downward.
- Exhaust Phase: Exhaust valves open to expel burnt gases from the combustion chamber.
How Many Valves Does an Engine Have?
- Older Engines: Typically have two valves per cylinder (e.g., a 4-cylinder engine = 8 valves).
- Modern Engines: Commonly feature four valves per cylinder (two intake and two exhaust). Some sports cars may even have five valves per cylinder.
What Is Variable Valve Timing (VVT)?
This technology enhances engine performance by intelligently controlling the timing of valve opening and closing. It helps to:
- Improve fuel efficiency
- Increase torque and reduce emissions
- Minimize engine noise
Symptoms of Faulty Valves in a Car
- Knocking or ticking sounds from the engine, especially at higher RPMs
- Loss of engine power due to poor compression
- Blue smoke from the exhaust (a sign of oil leaking into the combustion chamber)
- Excessive oil consumption without a clear cause
- Engine shaking during idle or startup
- Popping sounds from the exhaust due to incomplete combustion
Tips to Maintain Your Engine Valves
To avoid valve damage and ensure their longevity, follow these tips:
- Change engine oil regularly to maintain lubrication and prevent valve seal wear.
- Use high-quality oil recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.
- Avoid prolonged high-speed driving which can stress the valves.
- Inspect spark plugs regularly, as faulty plugs affect combustion and valve performance.
- Watch for unusual exhaust colors (like blue smoke) and consult a mechanic promptly.
- Perform regular cooling system maintenance, as overheating can lead to valve damage.
The types of brake fluid, their importance and uses of each type
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What is Brake Fluid?
Brake fluid is a hydraulic liquid used in braking systems to transfer the force generated by pressing the brake pedal to the calipers, which then clamp onto the brake discs to stop the vehicle. This fluid is characterized by unique properties, most notably its high resistance to heat without boiling, and its incompressibility, which ensures precise and effective brake response under various driving conditions.
Why is Brake Fluid Important?
Brake fluid does more than just transmit hydraulic pressure. It performs several critical functions that help maintain system efficiency and driving safety, including:
1- Protecting brake system components from corrosion and rust
2- Absorbing heat generated by friction, helping preserve performance
3- Resisting boiling at high temperatures, preventing brake fade in extreme conditions
What’s the Difference Between DOT 3, DOT 4, and DOT 5.1 Brake Fluids?
Brake fluid types differ in their heat tolerance, moisture absorption rates, and compatibility with various braking systems. Key differences include:
DOT 3
- - Dry boiling point: approximately 205°C
- - Wet boiling point: around 140°C
- - Moderate moisture absorption
- - Suitable for regular driving in mild conditions
- - Compatible with DOT 4 and DOT 5.1
- - Loses about 25% of its boiling point when absorbing 3% moisture
DOT 4
- - Dry boiling point: approximately 230°C
- - Wet boiling point: around 155°C
- - Absorbs moisture faster than DOT 3
- - Preferred for mid-performance vehicles or hotter climates
- - Compatible with DOT 3 and DOT 5.1
- - Loses about 50% of its boiling point when absorbing 2% moisture
DOT 5.1
- - Highest boiling points: dry at around 260°C, wet at 180°C
- - Highest moisture absorption rate
- - Ideal for high-performance or heavy-use vehicles
- - Compatible with DOT 3 and DOT 4
How to Choose the Right Brake Fluid
Selecting the appropriate brake fluid requires considering several factors to ensure compatibility and optimal performance:
- Vehicle specifications: Always refer to the owner's manual for the manufacturer’s recommended type
- Driving conditions: For high-temperature environments or heavy loads, DOT 4 or DOT 5.1 is preferable
- System compatibility: DOT 5 is not compatible with DOT 3 or DOT 4
- Brand reliability: Choose a trusted brand for long-term performance and stability
How to Easily Check Brake Fluid Condition
Over time, brake fluid deteriorates due to moisture absorption and contamination, which affects braking performance. Regular checks are essential. Practical methods include:
Moisture Measurement
- Tool: Small electronic device with a probe
- Method: Dip the probe into the reservoir after warming the fluid slightly by driving
- Result: If moisture exceeds 3%, replace the fluid immediately
Electrical Conductivity Test
- Concept: Pure fluid doesn’t conduct electricity, but contaminated fluid does
- Method: Some devices measure conductivity to assess fluid quality
- Result: Low resistance indicates contamination and the need for replacement
Chemical Test Strip
- Tool: A strip that changes color based on fluid condition
- Steps:
- - Dip the strip into the fluid for a few seconds
- - Wait one minute and compare the color to the reference chart
- - Result: Significant color change indicates moisture or impurities; fluid should be replaced
Copper Content Measurement
- Background: Brake line corrosion releases copper into the fluid
- Method: Special test strips detect copper levels
- Result: If copper exceeds 200 ppm, it signals early corrosion and fluid replacement is necessary
Can You Mix Different Brake Fluid Types?
Mixing is not recommended, especially if the chemical compositions are incompatible.
When Should Brake Fluid Be Replaced?
It’s advisable to replace it every two to three years, or every 60,000 kilometers.
What Happens If Brake Fluid Runs Low?
Low brake fluid can lead to:
- - Reduced braking response
- - Warning light activation on the dashboard
- - Air entering the system, increasing the risk of brake failure
The Hidden Dangers of Using the Wrong Radiator Fluid
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Many drivers overlook the importance of radiator coolant color, assuming it's just cosmetic. But choosing the wrong type can lead to serious engine damage. So, what are the differences between coolant types—and which one is right for your car?
What Is Radiator Coolant?
Radiator coolant, also known as antifreeze, is a chemical compound used to regulate engine temperature. Its primary function is to prevent the engine from overheating in hot conditions or freezing in cold ones, protecting internal components from corrosion and damage.
Coolant is typically made from ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, with added corrosion inhibitors and thermal stabilizers.
Types of Radiator Coolant and Their Differences
Coolants used in radiator systems fall into three main categories, each with distinct properties that directly affect engine performance and efficiency:
1. Regular Water
Although easily accessible, using plain water in the cooling system is unsafe. It contains high levels of salts and impurities that accumulate inside the radiator and engine components, causing corrosion, rust, and long-term damage.
Water also boils quickly and freezes easily, making it unsuitable for temperature fluctuations.
2. Green Coolant
Green coolant is a balanced mixture of water and specially formulated chemicals designed to cool the engine efficiently without reacting with its metal components. Key features include:
- Free from salts and impurities, preventing corrosion and rust
- Boiling point raised to 120°C, making it effective in high-temperature conditions
- Commonly used in older vehicles or those with iron-based components
- Safe and effective, though its lifespan is shorter than other types
3. Red Coolant
Red coolant shares the impurity-free nature of green coolant but offers enhanced features:
- Contains agents that prevent freezing in extremely low temperatures
- Free from silicates, which can cause long-term corrosion in engine parts
- Used in modern vehicles requiring extra protection for sensitive metal components
- Longer lifespan than green coolant, ideal for cold climates
Causes of Coolant Boiling in the Radiator
Boiling coolant is a serious warning sign of a malfunctioning cooling system. Ignoring it can damage vital car components. Common causes include:
- Faulty Thermostat: Regulates coolant flow between the radiator and engine. If it fails, the engine doesn’t receive adequate cooling, leading to overheating and boiling.
- Cooling Fan Failure: The fan plays a crucial role in cooling the radiator. If it stops or underperforms, engine temperature rises, causing the coolant to boil.
- Damaged Radiator Cap: Should be replaced every two years. A worn or loose cap affects system pressure and reduces the radiator’s ability to maintain proper temperature, contributing to boiling.
Causes of Coolant Loss in the Radiator
All coolant types can decrease over time due to mechanical or operational issues affecting system efficiency. Key causes include:
- Faulty Thermostat: Disrupts temperature regulation, leading to coolant loss
- Cooling Fan Malfunction: Reduces radiator cooling, increasing coolant consumption
- Water Pump Failure: Responsible for circulating coolant to the engine; any damage causes noticeable fluid loss
- Leaks or Cracks: In radiator pipes or the reservoir tank, leading to gradual coolant reduction
- Heavy A/C Usage: Prolonged use increases pressure on the cooling system, accelerating coolant consumption
When Should You Change Your Coolant?
Coolant replacement depends on its type and chemical composition:
- Red Coolant: Recommended every 4 to 5 years due to its long-lasting organic formula
- Green Coolant: Should be replaced every 2 to 3 years, as its protective agents degrade over time
What’s the difference between green and red coolant?
Green contains silicates and has a shorter lifespan; red is silicate-free and lasts longer.
Can you mix coolant colors?
No. Chemical reactions between types can damage the cooling system.
The Differential in Cars What It Is, How It Works, and Why It Matters
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The differential is a hidden yet vital component that plays a key role in vehicle performance and stability. But do you really know how it works and what types exist?
What Is a Car Differential
- The differential is one of the core mechanical components in a vehicle’s drivetrain system. It plays a crucial role in converting engine power into balanced wheel movement. Its importance lies in its ability to distribute torque evenly, allowing the wheels to rotate at different speeds during turns. This ensures smooth maneuverability and enhances vehicle stability.
How Does the Differential Work
- The differential operates through a small gear known as the pinion, which connects to the driveshaft that transmits power from the engine. This gear meshes with a larger gear called the crown wheel, which then distributes motion to the axle shafts connected to the wheels.
- This mechanism enables the wheels to rotate at varying speeds—an essential function for preventing excessive friction or skidding during cornering, thereby improving vehicle control and stability.
What Are the Components of a Differential
A differential consists of several interconnected parts that work in harmony to deliver optimal performance:
- Gearbox: Transfers torque from the engine to the rest of the system and contains a set of gears that ensure balanced power distribution.
- Internal Gears: Responsible for determining wheel speed and directing torque based on driving conditions.
- Axle Shaft: Connects the wheels to the differential and ensures smooth and stable motion during driving.
Why Is the Differential Important
The differential plays a fundamental role in enhancing the driving experience. Its significance can be summarized as follows:
- Allows the vehicle to turn smoothly without resistance or vibration.
- Improves safety by evenly distributing power between the wheels, reducing the risk of losing control.
- Facilitates driving over rough terrain by balancing torque between front and rear wheels, especially in four-wheel-drive vehicles.
What Are the Types of Differentials
Differentials vary depending on usage and driving conditions:
- Open Differential: The traditional type that splits torque between wheels on the same axle. Commonly used in vehicles designed for paved roads.
- Locking Differential: Distributes power equally between wheels, ideal for off-road vehicles requiring high traction.
- Limited-Slip Differential: Reduces wheel spin when traction is lost and offers better control on slippery surfaces.
- Torque-Vectoring Differential: Uses electronic sensors and control systems to precisely distribute torque based on road conditions. Found in high-performance and sports cars.
What Are the Symptoms of a Faulty Differential
When the differential begins to fail, several warning signs may appear:
- Unusual noises from the wheels, such as clicking or grinding, which may indicate gear wear or low oil levels.
- Vehicle vibrations during acceleration, often caused by internal damage or improper torque distribution.
- Difficulty steering, especially during turns or on uneven roads, suggesting reduced system effectiveness.
What Causes Differential Failure
Several factors can lead to differential damage, including:
- Low Differential Oil: Causes excessive friction and internal wear.
- Contaminated Oil: Reduces cooling and lubrication efficiency, accelerating system deterioration.
- Oil Leaks: Result from damaged seals or overheating, leading to insufficient lubrication.
- Heavy or Aggressive Driving: Frequent off-road use or high-speed driving puts extra strain on the system, increasing the risk of failure.
What Is Differential Oil
Differential oil is essential for maintaining system efficiency. It reduces friction and cools internal components. Using the correct type and replacing it according to the manufacturer’s schedule is critical. Neglecting oil maintenance can result in complete system failure.